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White Ship
The ''White Ship'' ((フランス語:la Blanche-Nef)) was a vessel that sank in the English Channel near the Normandy coast off Barfleur, on 25 November 1120. Only two of those aboard survived.〔William of Malmesbury stated one rustic survived while Orderic Vitalis identified two survivors, a butcher and a Geoffrey, the son of Gilbert de l'Aigle. Compare: J.A. Guiles, ''William of Malmesbury's Chronicle of the Kings of England'' (London: George Bell and Sons, 1904), p. 456, and Ordericus Vitalis, ''The Ecclesiastical History of England and Normandy'', Trans. Thomas Forester, Vol IV (London: Henry G. Bohn, 1856), p. 35.〕 Those who drowned included William Adelin, the only surviving legitimate son and heir of King Henry I of England. William Adelin's death led to a succession crisis and a period of civil war in England known as the Anarchy.
==Shipwreck==
The ''White Ship'' was a new vessel captained by Thomas FitzStephen, whose father Stephen FitzAirard had been captain of the ship ''Mora'' for William the Conqueror when he invaded England in 1066.〔Elisabeth M.C, van Houts, 'The Ship List of William the Conqueror', ''Anglo-Norman Studies X: Proceedings of the Battle Conference 1987'', ed. R. Allen Brown (Woodbridge: The Boydell Press, 1988), pp. 172-73〕 Thomas offered his ship to Henry I of England to use it to return to England from Barfleur in Normandy.〔Judith A. Green, ''Henry I: King of England and Duke of Normandy'' (New York: Cambridge University Press, 2006), p. 165〕 Henry had already made other arrangements, but allowed many in his retinue to take the ''White Ship,'' including his heir, William Adelin; his illegitimate son Richard of Lincoln; his illegitimate daughter Matilda FitzRoy, Countess of Perche; and many other nobles.〔 According to chronicler Orderic Vitalis, the crew asked William Adelin for wine and he supplied it to them in great abundance.〔 By the time the ship was ready to leave there were about 300 people on board although some had disembarked before the ship sailed due to the excessive drinking.〔William M. Aird, ''Robert Curthose, Duke of Normandy c. 1050–1134'' (Woodbridge: The Boydell Press, 2008), p. 269〕
The ship's captain, Thomas FitzStephen, was ordered by the revellers to overtake the king's ship which had already sailed.〔 The ''White Ship'' was fast, of the best construction and had recently been fitted with new materials which made the captain and crew confident they could reach England first.〔J. A. Guiles, ''William of Malmesbury's Chronicle of the Kings of England'' (London: George Bell and Sons, 1904), p. 455〕 But when it set off in the dark, its port side struck a submerged rock called ''Quillebœuf'' and the ship quickly capsized.〔 William Adelin got into a small boat and could have escaped but turned back to try to rescue his half-sister, Matilda, when he heard her cries for help. His boat was swamped by others trying to save themselves, and William drowned along with them.〔 According to Orderic Vitalis only two survived by clinging to the rock all night; one was a butcher from Rouen, the second was Geoffrey de l'Aigle.〔Ordericus Vitalis, ''The Ecclesiastical History of England and Normandy'', Trans. Thomas Forester, Vol IV (London: Henry G. Bohn, 1856), p. 35〕 The chronicler further claimed that when Thomas FitzStephen came to the surface after the sinking and learned that William Adelin had not survived, he let himself drown rather than face the King.〔Ordericus Vitalis, ''The Ecclesiastical History of England and Normandy'', Trans. Thomas Forester, Vol IV (London: Henry G. Bohn, 1856), p. 36〕
One legend holds that the ship was doomed because priests were not allowed to board it in the customary manner.〔William of Nangis wrote that the ''White Ship'' sank because all the men aboard were sodomites. See: ’’Chron.’’ in Rolls series, ed. W. Stubbs (London, 1879), vol. 2, under A.D. 1120. which reflects the medieval belief that sin caused pestilence and disaster. See also: ''Codex Justinian'', nov. 141. Another theory is expounded by Victoria Chandler, "The Wreck of the ''White Ship''", in ''The final argument : the imprint of violence on society in medieval and early modern Europe'', edited by Donald J. Kagay and L.J. Andrew Villalon (1998). Her theory discusses the possibility of it being a mass murder.〕
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